• Trial of Labor After Cesarean (TOLAC) and VBAC research became central to reducing repeat cesareans, examining success rates, predictors (prior scar, fetal size), and intrapartum management across contexts [15], [14], [10], [1], [17], [20].

• Systematic, policy- or program-level efforts to curb cesarean rates emerged, testing hospital-wide management reforms and outcome trade-offs between reducing cesareans and maintaining perinatal safety [7], [5], [11].

• Intrapartum management and CS safety emerged as a research focus, contrasting elective vs emergent cesarean, augmentation/monitoring techniques, and detecting intraoperative complications during VBAC/TOLAC contexts [6], [4], [20], [3].

• Maternal morbidity and psychological outcomes related to cesarean versus vaginal delivery highlighted physical sequelae, anxiety/depression, satisfaction, and adjustment after birth experiences [3], [18], [19].

• Macrosomia and fetal weight influenced TOLAC decisions and success in prior cesarean pregnancies, informing risk stratification and clinical decision-making around VBAC/TOLAC [17], [15], [1].